Surfactant Protein B Deficency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3281 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Health Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Disease Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Surfactant Protein B is critically responsible for the functioning of healthy lungs. In the absence of Surfactant Protein B adverse lung condition such as acute respiratory distress syndrome arise in infants victims. Due to this, SP-Bs condition has drawn the attention of medical researches. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Surfactant Protein B Deficency" essay for you Create order Physiological ailments such as lung failure, molecular defects and cellular deficiencies in infants are associated with opportunistic to Surfactant Protein B syndrome. This relation and linkage stirs up the development of various treatment strategies of neonatal respiratory diseases. Surfactant Protein B syndrome was first identified as the main cause of congenital alveolar proteinosis, a condition where two infants from the same mother exhibit distinct histopathologic physical appearance, since their alveoli contain lipid rich acid Schiff-positive and granular proteinaceous material. Infants suffering from Surfactant Protein B syndrome exhibit foamy alveolar macrophages and desquamated alveolar epithelial cells. Acquired Sporadic and congenital alveolar proteinosis are the main clinical forms of alveolar proteinosis associated with infants. Since SP- B syndrome has become rampant and established in infants with respiratory distress, this paper evaluates the causative agents and impl ications of SP-B giving various recommendations for the use of Surfactant therapy in diverse clinical situations. This includes subjecting newborns to prophylactic natural surfactant therapy immediately after incubation. By so doing, paper primarily relates Surfactant Protein B syndrome to the clinical setting while exploring the implications for the neonatal nurse practitioner. Definition of the Disease, Incidence SP- B Deficiency is an inherited illness by newborn babies leading to severe respiratory failure in the early stages of life and is resistant to surfactant therapy, mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Genetic examination of infants suffering from Surfactant Protein B Deficiency shows identical mutation in surfactant protein gene gotten in many unrelated kindred. This interrupts the functioning and composition of pulmonary surfactant. Reported incidence of approximately 0.8 infants out of 1000 obtained from Missouri Department of Health Newborn Screening Program indicates that Surfactant Protein B syndrome is a major factor in causing pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome (Refere and Wilmott, 2012). The inability of young infants to produce surfactant and the structural immaturity of their lungs increases with the increase in gestation period. This indicates that out of 1000 babies, about 25% of them are caught with SP-B syndrome at 34th week add ing up to 80% babies affected in a period of less than 54th week (Kendig and Wilmott, 2012). The 121ins2 mutation never showed in South African or Korean cohorts instead, there was similar correlation and frequency in Norwegian and Missouri cohorts. This indicated 173 incidences of infants suffering from Surfactant Protein B syndrome out of every 4000 samples of infants from Missouri cohort that were screened (Refere and Wilmott, 2012). In the incidence describing two siblings with the condition of histopathologic due to congenital alveolar proteinases, examined lung tissues reveals the absence in one of the making blocks of surfactant protein called SP-B protein . This suggests that the incident of Surfactant Protein B syndrome causes respiratory failure in children possessing congenital alveolar proteinosis, which is an inherited deficiency version of SP-B through pretranslational process. The two siblings had a condition called congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and in particular, deficiency of Surfactant Protein B. These SP-B disease incidences support the hypothesis attributing inherited SB-P syndrome as being the cause of respiratory diseases in babies bellow the age of one year. Some evidence portrays a combination of synthetic SP-B peptide and surfactant phospholipids displaying physical characteristic similar to the ones exhibited by native surfactant (Refere and Wilmott, 2012). Disease Etiology and Pathogenesis Surfactant Protein B syndrome is caused by inherited mutation in the form of surfactant protein B gene on chromosome 2.This leads to complete or in some cases partial absence of Surfactant Protein B, a condition referred to as autosomal recessive condition. Children exhibiting respiratory distress immediately after birth despite assisted ventilation need to be screened for Surfactant Protein B syndrome. Also diagnosis of both the child and parent for genetic mutation possibilities is necessary. SP-B deficiency is associated to poor prognosis and therefore infants with this disorder barely survive beyond the first few months after birth unless they are subjected to processes of lung transplantation (Popper, 2017). The occurrence of surfactant dysfunction due to inherited mutation causes deaths to over 1 million infantsworld over (Gleason, Devaskar and Avery, 2012). Surfactant Protein B syndrome have different inheritance patterns that depend on diverse genetic cause. SP-B is caused by mutation process in SFTPG gene, which is an instruction responsible for making Surfactant Protein B from a distinct gene. This causes abnormality in the composition of phospholipids and proteins responsible for normal breathing. Without normal surfactant B protein, the various tissues and cells surrounding the air sacs of the lungs bond together during the periods of exhalation due to surface tension. This eventually causes the alveoli to collapse and eventually causes Surfactant Protein B syndrome. The presence of surfactant in the system of infants, aids in lowering surface tension responsible for easy breathing and avoiding lung collapse. Corrupted composition of Surfactant Protein B causes the surface tension that lowers properties of surfactant around the lung tissue. In addition, Surfactant Protein B syndrome is caused in circumstances where SP-B fails to form lamella bodies, which are responsible for packing the phospholipids and proteins making up surfactant around the lungs cells of the infants. This prevents the vital processes that surfactant protein must undergo to mature up and become functional. In addition, Surfactant Protein B syndrome is caused through malfunctioning of ABCA3 genes, which are responsible for the production of proteins, involved in the synthesis of surfactant. Without production od surfactant in the infants, the tissues that surrounds the air sacs of the lung will clump together after exhalation due to surface tension force, resulting in difficulty during breathing and collapse of alveoli as a result of Surfactant Protein B syndrome (Cremona et al, 2010). This causes infants to develop difficulties in filling the lungs with air and eventually impairs the delivery of oxygen to the body. The ABCA3 is also responsible for packing and transporting phospholipids and proteins around alveoli where through molecular interaction Surfactant Protein B is formed. An impaired ABCA3 protein retards the formation of lamellar bodies which are responsible for the processing of surfactant B protein hence causing the condition of Surfactant Protein B syndrome. This will caus e infants to have respiratory difficulties since there is premature formation of Surfactant Protein responsible for effective functioning of the lungs. Pulmonary surfactant is composed of lipids and protein compounds which in the long run reduce the surface tension between the regions holding air and liquids in the lungs of infants. Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant is the fundamental cause of respiratory disorder in babies bellow one year old. Various specific proteins identified to be associated with surfactant function include glycoprotein responsible for surfactant metabolism and host defense (SP-C) and hydrophobic proteins which contain low molecular mass to facilitate the adsorption rate of surfactant phospholipids into air-liquid interphase (Broaddus et al 2015). Surfactant Protein B is responsible for positive metabolism and functioning of body systems .However, inherited Surfactant Protein B syndrome in infants causes respiratory diseases. Phenotype and Natural History The phenotypic unpredictability of Surfactant Protein B syndrome is attributed to inherited surfactant protein deficiency which is an often cause of respiratory failure in children bellow the age of one year. This is due to phenotypic mutation of frameshift phenotype in families with either two or three of total siblings exhibiting Surfactant Protein B syndrome. Infants with abundant SP-B suggest phenotypic heterogeneity in CAP (Cottin, Cordier and Richeldi, 2015). Lung ultrastructural defects including reduced number of lamellar bodies, low secretion of surfactant lipids and absent tubular myelin indicates phenotypic derangement of surfactant metabolism. The natural history of Surfactant Protein B syndrome is dated back form the year 1993 in a full-term infant of bellow one year old. With rare exceptions, SP-B deficiency is considered as the fatal diseases having only one therapeutic option of lung transplantation. Infants with ABCA3 gene syndrome exhibits severe lung ailment due to SP-B deficiency. This condition may become progressively worsening with time and may results in neonatal lung disease. The overall slim survival chances of infants with Surfactant Protein B syndrome, results from ascertainment bias instead of reflecting all the natural history spectrum of the disease. No formal research has yet evaluated the genotype-phenotype correlation of Surfactant Protein B syndrome but complete mutation on the overall alleles has been associated with remote onset and severity of the disease. Whereas interaction with older patients undergoing milder experience of Surfactant Protein B syndrome usually have one missense mutation that have the possibility of retaining some functional activities of surfactant protein. The natural history on lung ailment due to Surfactant Protein B syndrome is highly associated to genetic mutation as reported in the newborn. Adults with Surfactant deficiency may show asymptomatic condition for a long time before their lungs are altered due to such hereditary gene mutation. This makes the SP-B condition variable and difficulties in interpretation of potential drug therapy. There is lack of specific therapy related to Surfactant Protein B syndrome instead doctors have always insisted on pulse dose steroids as a glucocorticoids goes up. Also, there has been the use of Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, but their efficacy is limited to anecdotal findings. Lung transplant has been conducted on infants with end-stage lung diseases because of Surfactant Protein deficiency and mutations (Cottin, Cordier and Richeldi, 2015). Management In managing Surfactant Protein B syndrome in infants, several tests have been done to help in diagnosis process. This include conducting laboratory testing to rule out the possibility of occurrence of diseases with same symptoms with Surfactant Protein B syndrome, such test may include cystic fibrosis or immunodeficiency (Polin, Fox and Abman, 2011). To clearly determine the various mutations in the genes of then child, a high resolution computerized technology is required for scanning of the lungs such as bronchoscopy conducted to verify for infections, signs of aspirations into the respiratory surfaces and eventually inflammation. However, in older children, pulmonary functioning testing is in many occasions performed in outpatient environment and often indicate decreased lung functioning. In addition, lung biopsy may be conducted to ascertain useful information with the possibilities of ruling out other respiratory diseases with exact clinical presentation. The management and prognosis of Surfactant Protein B syndrome is variable depending on the seriousness of the infant condition. Some situations call for lung transplantation while others do not. In all circumstances of Surfactant Protein B syndrome, optimizing nutrition for effective growth and prevention of respiratory infections are of importance to the overall health. In addition, managing Surfactant Protein B syndromes require assisted breathing through ventilator. Currently there is no specific clinical treatment of Surfactant Protein B syndrome hence for the victim infants, surfactant replacement therapy serves to improve the respiratory status transiently even though it is not the most appropriate in treating Surfactant Protein B syndrome. Consideration of lung transplantation in viable, however, with critically ill and unstable infant, the pre-transplant period is attributed to possess high chances of the child dying. A 5 years old infant has about 50 survival chances in case s of lung transplantation. In older children with slighter version of Surfactant Protein B syndrome, corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine are considered as appropriate methods to manage SP-B deficiency (Shanley, Wheeler and Wong, 2007). Recurrence Risk and Genetic Counseling Surfactant Protein B syndrome recurrence risk is evident amidst people who trace their ancestry to a precise geographical location. Individuals in an ethnic cluster possess high probability of sharing certain versions of their genes. In genetic counseling, keeping family medical history is vital. These records can hint on medical conditions that may frequent the family. Mastering the arrays of Surfactant Protein B syndrome in the family history puts health care professionals in the right position to diagnose whether individual or related family members of the coming future generation may be at risk of developing Surfactant Protein B syndrome. Family medical history pertaining Surfactant Protein B syndrome discloses people or families with high prevalence of having SP-B syndrome such as respiratory diseases, lung failure and breathing difficulties. These complex disorders are results of influence of combination of specific genetic factors, environmental condition and the choice of lif estyle. Surfactant Protein B syndrome history among families can also avail information about the probable risk of rare versions of the diseases caused by mutation in single gene. Knowing ones family medical history regarding Surfactant Protein B syndrome, will enable an individual to take steps in reducing the risks of contracting such conditions. This can be achieved through frequent screening of new born children, adopting healthier lifestyle and subjecting newborns to ventilated surrounding. Victim parents as well can learn to get into regular exercise, quit smoking and check on diet to help in reducing the possibilities of mutations leading to infants inheriting Surfactant Protein B syndrome associate with respiratory and lung complications. Clinical genetic counseling recommends talking to families about their medical conditions as the sure way of obtaining medical information relating to family history. Additionally, retrieving medical records from obituaries and death certificates do cuments can as well help in complete assessment of family medical history. This information is vital and should be kept up-to-date and to be shared by health care providers in case of need (Polin,Fox and Abman ,2011). It is fundaments to note that chances of passing on Surfactant Protein B syndrome applies during pregnancy. If a couple has a child with SP-B deficiency, the probability of having successive children suffering from the same syndrome is 25% since having one victim infant does not prevent inheritance of such condition by future children (Pacholok and Stuart ,2011). Clinical counselling admits that even though the chances of genetically inheriting Surfactant Protein B syndrome appears to be straightforward, other factors such as children family history and outcomes of genetic testing at times aggravate those likelihoods. Additionally, some infants suffering from lack of Surfactant Protein B due to genetic mutation hardly develop any health problem otherwise in extreme cases may experience a mild symptom of the illness. I any case a disease that prevails in a family lack a precise inheritance pattern, foreseeing the probability that a child will adopt the condition seems very difficult a nd only Recurrence risk and genetic counseling can help individuals understand these chances and translate into individuals making informed maternity decisions about the health of their children and their health as well. This has the effect of simplifying estimations on the chances of developing Surfactant Protein B syndrome by infants and passing it on to the next generation through mutation (Popper, 2017). Implications for Advanced Practice Nursing Maternal status has implication on the fetus and neonatal as indicated by advanced practice nursing. This is because both the body system of the fetus and the mother coexist together for the whole nine months period (Popper, 2017). The body size of the woman and health status has the capability of causing disorders in the infant. The status of the woman prior to pregnancy also has implications on the future pregnancies such that when previous births are characterized by Surfactant Protein B syndrome therefore the future pregnancies and births is susceptible to surfactant deficiency. Disorders due to lack of surfactant protein in the system of an infant or other similar conditions can possess neonatal or fetal effects. In addition mothers can transfer SP-B disorder as result of abruption and bacterial exposure during pregnancy. This makes it fundamental to understand maternal complications and their effects on infants as imperative part to practicing nurses and other caregivers. Exogenous surfactant therapy has proved well established in the new born children experiencing respiratory distress. Many aspects of SB-P Implications for advanced practice nursing have been evaluated in systematic reviews and high-quality trials giving variety of clinical situation in handling surfactant deficiency in infants. Advanced care nursing has evaluated substances such as albumin and meconium as among factors inhibiting surfactant functioning. Caregivers have proposed more than 50% oxygen availability for those incubated infants with meconium aspiration syndrome due in insufficient surfactant Protein in their system (Kendig and Wilmott, 2012). Surfactant lavage for both albumin and meconium aspiration syndrome are effective but growing resistance implication requires for further study since there has only been a small controlled trial. This controlled trial showed possible short term physiological benefits and it lacked clinically significant benefits as compared to various groups with restricted rescue surfactant therapy. Also, the application of surfactant replacement therapy in neonatal SP-B syndrome been inadequately studied. A recent analysis of infants of closely related ages, having respiratory failure showed that those infants exhibiting the presence of sepsis and were treated with surfactant had a 40% decrease in the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, showing surfactant therapy to be beneficial. Advanced practice nursing recommends sick newborn infants suffering from SP-B syndrome and other related respiratory distress to be subjected to exogenous therapy (Shanley, Wheeler and Wong, 2007). Persistent respiratory insufficiency in infants due to Surfactant Protein B syndrome is common in children of less than 30 week gestation. However, the status of S P- B has not been studied and clearly evaluated in this condition. Advanced care rates 75% chronically ventilated premature infants to possess a specifically analyzed surfactant aspect with abnormal role. This observation was attributed to clinically evident respiratory deterioration. This speculates that incidents of infection are among the causes of reduced content of SP-B in surfactant, resulting in surfactant dysfunction and retardation of respiratory condition in infants. This if the most fundamental description by Advanced practices nursing of surfactant dysfunction and the functions of hydrophobic surfactant protein in chronically ventilated premature infants (Cremona et al, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, it is not known whether all children showing conditions of congenital alveolar proteinosis are all deficient of SP-B. However, SP-B is responsible for the development of myelin. The absence of myelin is associated with other genetic deficiencies other than Surfactant Protein B syndrome. This indicates that histopathological appearance of the alveoli proteinosis emanates from diverse conditions other than SP-B deficiency or deficiency of surfactant proteins which are yet to be determined. Besides SP-B deficiency, there are diverse surfactant dysfunctions that are genetically caused. Surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation is the only means proven to be safe in delivering surfactant to the lungs of SP-B deficiency victims. All attempts to administer surfactant through intrapartum hypo-pharyngeal instillation have always proved futile therefore relating Surfactant Protein B syndrome to the clinical setting and exploring the implications for the neonatal nurse practitioner. Reference Refere Kendig, E. L., Wilmott, R. W. (2012). Kendig and Chernicks disorders of the respiratory tract in children Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier nces Kendig, E. L., Wilmott, R. W. (2012). Kendig and Chernicks disorders of the respiratory tract in children Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier Popper, H. (2017). Pathology of Lung Disease: Morphology Pathogenesis Etiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gleason, C. A., Devaskar, S. U., Avery, M. E. (2012). Averys diseases of the newborn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders Cremona, M., Espina, V., Luchini, A., Petricoin, E., Liotta, L. A. (January 01, 2010). Chapter 9 Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Pathology. Broaddus, V. C., Mason, R. C., Ernst, J. D., King, T. E., Lazarus, S. C., Murray, J. F., Nadel, J. A., Gotway, M. (2015). Murray Nadels Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. London: Elsevier Health Sciences. In Cottin, V., In Cordier, J.-F., In Richeldi, L. (2015). Orphan lung diseases: A clinical g uide to rare lung disease. Polin, R. A., Fox, W. W., Abman, S. H. (2011). Fetal and neonatal physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Shanley, T. P., Wheeler, D. S., Wong, H. R. (2007). Pediatric critical care medicine: Basic science and clinical evidence. London: Springer. Polin, R. A., Fox, W. W., Abman, S. H. (2011). Fetal and neonatal physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Pacholok, S. M., Stuart, J. J. (2011). Could it be B12?: An epidemic of misdiagnoses. Fresno, Calif: Quill Driver Books

President Ronald Reagan s Speech At The 1980 Republican...

SPE 130: Famous Person Speech Outline Anthony Cersosimo Title: Change for the Better Purpose: To inform my audience of Ronald Reagan and his speech at the 1980 Republican National Convention and how it was influential for the US at the time as well as its personal significance for me. Central Idea: Ronald Reagan’s speech at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit was one that gave a sense of unification, hope, and national pride among Americans at the time and still resonated with some Americans afterwards. Introduction I. Attention Getter: The United States of America has had its fair share of presidents since its inception, so I ask, â€Å"How many of you†¦show more content†¦(Biography.com) B. â€Å"Reagan enrolled in Eureka College in 1928.† 1. During his collegiate years, Reagan pursued â€Å"majors in sociology and economics while also playing athletics and continuing in performing arts productions.† 2. â€Å"The year 1932 saw Reagan graduate from Eureka College and obtain a job as a sports radio host.† (Biography.com) C. As a post-collegiate young adult, Reagan saw to extend his relationship with the entertainment industry which would help develop his political status. 1. Reagan opted out of the radio career path to play roles in movies â€Å"for the Warner Brothers in 1937. Throughout the 1940s, Reagan was acting in numerous movies in Hollywood and as a result he ended up moving to California.† (Biography.com) 2. In addition to his filmography, â€Å"from 1947 to 1952, Ronald Reagan would partake in the Screen Actors Guild labor union, even becoming the president of the union.† During this timeframe, America was living through the beginning of the Cold War and the Second Red Scare; where most Americans condemned communist ideologies. As a result, the Screen Actors Guild saw many actors â€Å"argue and dispute about communist principles in the film industry.† Reagan saw these arguments as a way to justify his political views and make him understand how he believed America should be run (government-wise). This was the beginning of Reagan’s political career as a conservative. (The White House) D. Ronald ReaganShow MoreRelatedA Study on Conservative Resurgence1171 Words   |  5 Pagesmany years the Republican party and its conservative base was the central point of blame for the economic woes that had occurred in America during the Great Depression. 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L’Oreal Changing Face of Beauty Marketing - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the LOreal Changing Face of Beauty Marketing. Answer: Introduction: LOreal is the company that has been started in 1909. It a manufacturing firm that deals with the cosmetics and skin care products. It is also the first company that has produced the hair color. The company is based at France and stated selling its products in salons. From 1912, the company initiated its operation for consumers and sold the products in the market of Europe. The company aims to provide the best quality products to the customers in every range[1]. The company has released the products in different division so that every type of customers can afford to buy the products of this brand and the brand can have high presence in the market. The company deals with around 500 brand having many products. As that company serves the market with many products but the hair care range of LOreal is one of the best ranges of hair care products. As far as the market share of the company is considered, it has been analyzed that LOreal is the company that is among the leading brand in hair care products all over the world[2]. The below figure describes the growing sales of the company in different regions of the world. The figure describes that statistics of the sales of the company worldwide from the year 2009 to 2016. It has been identified that the average sales of the company is around 25.84 billion euros. LOreal is observed to be one of the leading brands in the industry of hair care and beauty products. The research depicts that the estimated sales of the company by 2018 would be approximately 28.61 trillion euros worldwide. This figure provides the information about the market share of the company in different regions in 2016[3]. Western Europe is the areas that have been considered as the great market for the company as the company owns largest market share in this area. The industry of cosmetics and beauty products in very competitive but still LOreal is the brand which is considered as among the top brands that provides a range of products to the customers. The above figure suggests that LOreal is the brand with largest market share among its customers followed by PG and after that Unilever accounts the third position. Competitors analysis: In Australia, LOreal was considered as one of the leading market player in 2015. As far as the competition of the company is considered, it has been analyzed that there are many competitors for the company such as PG, Unilever etc. but for the hair care products of the company, the brands that act as the close competitors are Pantene, tresemme and dove. Dove: Dove is the brand that has made its image of the natural products that helps the customers to keep their hair natural. The hair care range of dove provided shinier and smooth hairs. This brand serves the products for women. Pantene: Pantene is the products of PG that exclusively deals with hair care products such as shampoo and conditioner. Pantene Pro V is the most recent and one of the most trusted products by the customers. Pantene have products that worked according to the type of hair and thus used by many consumers. Tresemme: It is the brand that serves the customers with keratin range of shampoos. It is one of the luxurious brands used by the people. This brand is mostly used by the professionals.: Product: As discussed earlier that LOreal is the brand that is wide range of products in it. The products of the LOreal are divided under the following categories: Consumer products: This category of products involves all the products range that is served to the customers with competitive prices. These products are for all types of customers. This division of the brand consists of products in hair care. The brands that are included under this category are LOreal Paris, Garnier[4]. Professional products: This is the category that serves the customers at the commercial level. The brands included under this category are LOreal professional, Kerastase and matrix. These brands generally cater the need of the salon stylists. Luxury products: This category of products involves the prestigious products of the brand that are been sold at premium prices and are known for their quality, innovation. The LOreal Paris total repair 5 falls under this category.[5] Place: According to the division of the product range, the products of the company are available to all the customers in the world. The company focuses on the large network distribution so that they can sell their products everywhere. Acquisition is the strategy adopted by the company in order to make their brand presence in the market. The growth of LOreal is commendable and the company operates in around 130 countries[6]. The products of the company are available in retail store, departmental stores, supermarkets, salons, pharmacies etc. LOreal also has its exclusive stores that are very attractive. Price: As discussed that the company has division of products according to their quality and the characteristics associated with the products. Thus, company adopts different pricing strategies in order to decide the price of the products according to their division. The luxury division of the products has premium prices and thus has been set by the premium pricing strategies while the consumer division products of the company have competitive pricing[7]. Most of its products are based on the value based pricing method. This is because the company set the prices of the products according to its value. Promotion: LOreal is an international brand and thus spends a huge amount of money in promotional activities of the brand worldwide. The slogan of the company is very attractive and strong that says because we are worth it. The brand believes in promoting its products at great level. The brand ambassadors of the company are Jennifer Lopez, Naomi Watts etc. and in India the brand ambassadors are famous Bollywood stars such as Sonam Kapoor and Aishwarya Rai and Katrina Kaif[8]. The company uses almost all the branding techniques such as TV ads, commercials, Magazines, Print media, brand endorsement, sponsorship etc. Target market and buying behavior: The above picture clearly defined the target market of the company. It suggests that the different division of the company is based on different market and the needs of the different customers of every type[9]. The company focuses on serving the customers of all ages and gender. The products of this company can be sued by men as well as women and a range of products is also there that focuses on teenagers. The buying behavior of the customers can be defined as the behavior and the response of the people towards the brand or the products. This behavior is affected by many factors and ultimately affects the buying choice or decision of the customer. As far as the buying behavior of the customer of LOreal is considered, it has been analyzed that almost all the customer of this brand are brand loyal and makes the decision according to the quality of the products that are offered by the brand. As the target market of the company is divided according to the products decision of the company. Thus, the buying behavior of the people also differs. In case of LOreal the major factor that affects the buying choice and behavior of the customer is social factor. This is because LOreal is a very well-known brand and also acts as the status symbol. Conclusion: LOreal is the brand that is very much trusted by the customers in Australia as well as in the whole world. This is because it is the brand that serves the market with wide range of products in hair care such as shampoos and conditioners that is of different prices. The products of this brand are affordable by nay customers according to their values[10]. The company focuses on serving the customers of all ages along with products for men as well as women. The strategy of promoting the brand at higher level helps the company to have great brand presence all over the world. The company not only serves the consumers but also serves the commercial customers such as salons and professional stylists. Bibliography: "How LOreal Is Changing The Face Of Beauty Marketing The Content Strategist".The Content Strategist. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://contently.com/strategist/2014/08/12/how-loreal-is-changing-the-face-of-beauty-marketing/. "LOral Paris: Make-Up, Skincare, Hair Care, Hair Colour Styling".L'oral Paris. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.lorealparis.com.au/_en/_au/home/index.aspx. "LOral-UNESCO For Women In Science: Australia New Zealand Fellowships 2017".Research Services Bulletin. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://blogs.adelaide.edu.au/researchbulletin/2017/02/07/loreal-unesco-for-women-in-science-australia-new-zealand-fellowships-2017/. "L'oreal Australia Pty Limited - Retail".Ibisworld.Com.Au. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.ibisworld.com.au/australian-company-research-reports/wholesale-trade/loreal-australia-pty-limited-company.html. "L'oral Paris Beauty Products Tutorials".Target Australia. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.target.com.au/b/lorealparis. "Our Skin Care Product Range - NIVEA".Nivea.Com.Au. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.nivea.com.au/products. "Revlon Products: Makeup, Fragrances, Hair Color, Nails, Beauty Tools".Revlon. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.revlonanz.com/about/fact-sheet. Gaitz, Shannon. "LOral Professionnel Australia Announces Dannii Minogue As First Local Muse".Styleicons. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.styleicons.com.au/2017/01/23/loreal-professionnel-australia-announces-dannii-minogue-as-first-local-muse/. Gee, Rachel, Thomas Hobbs, Rachel Gee, Marketing Week, Sarah Vizard, Harry Lang, and Marketing Reporters et al. "LOral Targets Men For The First Time As It Evolves Strapline To Embrace Diversity - Marketing Week".Marketing Week. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.marketingweek.com/2016/08/26/loreal-targets-men-for-the-first-time-as-it-evolves-strapline-to-embrace-diversity/. Hawthorne, Mark. "From Bad Hair Days To Sun Smarts, L'oreal Has Skin In The Game".The Sydney Morning Herald. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/from-bad-hair-days-to-sun-smarts-loreal-has-skin-in-the-game-20170210-gua55x.html. McGregor, Jay. "No. 25 L'oreal - Pg.25".Forbes. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/pictures/gdfd45gelj/no-25-loreal/#12a395e2299c. Sinclair, Lara, and Lara Sinclair. "LOreal Marketing Gets Online Makeover".Theaustralian.Com.Au. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/marketing/loreal-increases-marketing-to-its-own-customer-base/news-story/3a18609c44ae93379ea8b0c1292c91e8.any.html.

How does death dominate in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Example For Students

How does death dominate in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Shakespeare has dealt with the subject death and its connection with life in many of his writings. But none of them is so much concerned with the subject as in Hamlet. In fact the whole play is darkened by the shadows of death and life after death. In the opening scene we see a deads man spirit appearing on the stage; the very first time we see Hamlet, we see him in black-mourning for his dead father; whenever he is left alone by himself all he ponders on is either his own death, or revengeful murder, or dealt in general. In fact, the whole play consists of a series of murders and suicide, and ends with the major characters death. In the opening scene an aspartic appears on the stage which resembles the visage of the late King of Denmark. This ghost bridges the world of life and the world of death. It disturbs the normal calmness of the night; it seems to bring some kind of message from the region existing beyond this world. Later on in the fourth scene of act I, the ghost communicate with Hamlet and tells him that it is the ghost of his father and commands him to avenge his death. We also come to learn how the late king was murdered by his own brother who now wears his crown. The episode of the ghost remind us of Kyds The Spanish Tragedy, where the ghost of the murdered Andrea, along with the spirit called Revenge appear from the underworld and roam around on earth to witness the process of vengeance. But they do not communicate with the living. The ghost of Hamlet however, comes with a mission for the murder. It advises Hamlet Taint not thy mind which suggests that the ghost does not consider the matter of revenge too difficult a task and is anxious that Hamlet should not become too disturbed about it. To the ghost the challenge is probably like that which as the Danish King he accepted all those years ago when he agreed to face old Fortinbras of Norway in a single combat and had killed him. The ghost also tells Hamlet a little about the existence after death and the domain of death. The dead King burns in hellfire for dying without repenting for the sins he had committed during his lifetime and also includes that it is necessary to burn in order to attain salvation. Though the ghost instructs Hamlet to take revenge on Claudius, he forbids him to do any harm to the queen: Leave her to heaven he says, and suggest her earthly punishment should be the pangs of her conscience: those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her. The ghosts commands indicate not only the pursuit of personal satisfaction but the existence of a world beyond the human world responsible for justice in the human world. It therefore can be considered as an ambassador of Death. . Hamlet vows to remember the ghost whiles memory holds a seat/ in this distracted globe, that is to say, as long as this disordered world attributes nay value to the past to establish standards of virtue and justice. Here to remember means to maintain and to restore it. In the section Of Redemption Nietzsches The Spake of Zarathustra, he says, This, yea, this is very vengeance! wills abhorrence of time and its It was. It is quite articulate that Hamlet is not prepared to accept the It was. Of time and that he regards revenge as a task of restoring the society that has fallen to pieces. The first Act ends with The time is out of joint: o cursd spite That ever I was born to set it right. Thus he takes up the responsibility of retaking revenge and vows to stick to it. In his soliloquies, we see Hamlet rebuking himself for his procrastination in taking revenge and calls himself a muddy-mettled rascal. Other than Hamlet, we also see young Fortinbras and Leartes as avengers in the play, both want to avenge the deaths of their fathers. Why hamlet is a hero EssayHe adds that if there were no fear of such dreams, any human being would put and end to his life, because nobody willingly goes through the ordeals of life. He thinks of the dread of something after death and the undiscoverd country from where no travelers returns and he shrinks from it. In this soliloquy, he contemplates killing others, then himself both are ways of taking arms against a sea of troubles, and wither way is seen against the background of a world beyond the living world, where he might be inflicted with punishments by God as he had heard from the Ghost earlier. Therefore, he questions whether tis nobler to take revenge or to go on enduring pain, and the thought of being punished by God for making a wrong choice terrifies him. His fearful imagination of life after death is echoed in Measure for Measure, where Claudia Ay, but to die and go we know not where, and considers the weariest and most loathed worldly life a paradise compared to what we fear of death. On this subject L. C. Knights comments An over-strong terror of death is often one expression of the fear of living. Only those who take an affirmative attitude towards life can take an affirmative attitude towards death. In the grave-digging scene Hamlet observes a grave-digger digging the grave of Ophelia and in the process throwing of some skulls and bones. This scene makes him sink into deep thoughts concerning the meaning of life and death. Looking at a skull he thinks of the ultimate goal of a mans life. The body of a lawyer ends up being the same as skull and bones as Yorick, the jester in the grave. Even the bodies of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar are turned into mere clays. Earlier when Claudius had asked Hamlet about the body of Polonius, he replied that worms are feasting on it. But in the grave-digging scene, Hamlet reminds himself that death diminishes all vanities in man, for it is the ultimate end of every man. Yoricks jaws that made the courteous roared with laughter are shapeless now. Therefore, he sarcastically tells the skull of Yorick to go and tell the women who in order to beautify themselves paint an inch thick on their faces, must meet their ends just the same way as he did. Afterwards he dejectedly asks Horatio To what base uses we may return Horatio! At the end of the play Gertrude is killed by chance, Leartes and Claudius are slain by Hamlet and Hamlet dies wounded by the poisonous sword of Leartes, only Horatio lives to tell the story to the Danes. But the end does not only consist of human deaths but also death of beautiful things. The King thats dead is referred to as the majesty of buried Denmark. Much later the first words of the mad Ophelia are Where is the beauteous majesty of Denmark? this suggests that the death of the old King marks the end of an era. The story of Hecuba and the dounbshow called mousetrap are also concerned with death similes of death, for example bosom black as death recur in the play. The play is in fact, envelope by the smoke of death, rendering it the mysterious darkness that critics have found interesting for ages. No other play of Shakespeare is so much obsessed with the subject as is Hamlet.

Challenges of Being an Advocate and Neutral Facil

Steroids the Silent Killer essays

Steroids the Silent Killer essays It is no secret that anabolic steroids have been used by athletes for decades, or that athletes will do anything to gain an edge in competition. Many athletes feel that they are pushed too far to reach the next level, that they must turn to an outside influence for help. Some think that anabolic steroids will give them an advantage. Unfortunately, these people are correct. Steroids make the user stronger and faster in less time than training naturally. However, anabolic steroids should be banned by all professional sports because they have terrible physiological and psychological side effects, they give an unfair advantage to those who use them, and steroid users set a bad example for todays junior athletes. The word anabolic means the ability to promote body growth and repair body tissue. Steroid refers to a number of compounds of a certain chemical nature. Anabolic steroids are defined as any of a group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promotes muscle and bone growth. Steroids occur naturally in the human body in many forms. Steroids that are synthetically created for illegal purposes contain some form of the male hormone testosterone. Testosterone stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics after puberty. When testosterone is released in the body, it is carried in the bloodstream. Since it is carried in the blood, it travels to every organ in the body. Cells absorb the testosterone where it is processed by the nucleus. The nucleus produces new proteins which create new tissue or muscle. This is why steroid users become larger and stronger in less time. The high levels of testosterone in the body make it possible for cells to create more mu scles in less time. The idea that sex hormones might improve physical or athletic performance was first developed in 1939. Studies were conducted as early as 1944 to confirm this theory. At the same time it was...

Employee's Perception of Managment of Workplace Stress Essay

Employee's Perception of Managment of Workplace Stress - Essay Example There have been recent researches across the globe to address the causes of stress in work places. Notably, the research on employee perceptions of management of stress in workplaces identifies that the source of stressors and individual behavior need to be viewed to diminish this condition (Buys et al, 2010, p. 25). The research on employee perceptions of management of stress in workplaces notes that it is ineffective to return workers to the same surrounding that conduced their stress. It is thus significant to have intercessions at the organizational level since some of the stress contributors can be regulated by the employer; such as unreasonable performance demands, excessive working hours, poor communication, bullying, and job insecurity. These factors are embedded in the organization’s culture which can be changed through helpful leadership and common indulgent organizational goals. Legislative and policy systems devised to assist injured employees also contribute to st ress related disorders in work places and hinder rehabilitation efforts (Buys et al, 2010, p. 26). The research on employee perceptions of management of stress in workplaces employed qualitative data collection method. It employed the use of questionnaires on 600 respondents, who had attended an international conference on disability management in Berlin, Germany (Buys et al, 2010, p. 27). The questionnaire had two sections; section one required a respondent to fill information on the location of their organization, the number of employees, organization type and the respondents role in the organization. Section two engrossed 30 statements and open-minded questions that touched on the approaches that the organization uses to manage stress. The statements called for the respondent to specify the level of agreement on a 6-point Likert scale having ranges from â€Å"strongly agree† to â€Å"strongly